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Carbon replaces C++ templates with checked generics verified at the definition site against explicit interfaces — enabling separate compilation, cleaner errors, and an explicit static-vs-dynamic dispatch choice.
Carbon's bidirectional C++ interoperability via extern "C++" linkage enables incremental migration without wrappers. This architecture note covers the minimal design, trust boundaries, CI verification steps, failure modes, and conditions that would force a redesign.
Carbon's checked generics are validated against declared interfaces at definition time, not at instantiation like C++ templates. Here's what that changes, with a worked comparison and honest trade-offs.
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