What does it mean by "#define X X"?

This create a macro named EPOLLIN whose replacement text is also EPOLLIN.

This is most likely a way for the preprocessor to check which event codes are available and conditionally compile code as necessary. If we go to the git repo for glibc and look at the output of git blame we see the following for enum EPOLL_EVENTS:

ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  34) enum EPOLL_EVENTS
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  35)   { 
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  36)     EPOLLIN = 0x001,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  37) #define EPOLLIN EPOLLIN
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  38)     EPOLLPRI = 0x002,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  39) #define EPOLLPRI EPOLLPRI
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  40)     EPOLLOUT = 0x004,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  41) #define EPOLLOUT EPOLLOUT
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  42)     EPOLLRDNORM = 0x040,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  43) #define EPOLLRDNORM EPOLLRDNORM
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  44)     EPOLLRDBAND = 0x080,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  45) #define EPOLLRDBAND EPOLLRDBAND
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  46)     EPOLLWRNORM = 0x100,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  47) #define EPOLLWRNORM EPOLLWRNORM
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  48)     EPOLLWRBAND = 0x200,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  49) #define EPOLLWRBAND EPOLLWRBAND
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  50)     EPOLLMSG = 0x400,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  51) #define EPOLLMSG EPOLLMSG
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  52)     EPOLLERR = 0x008,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  53) #define EPOLLERR EPOLLERR
5e826ab5 (Ulrich Drepper 2003-03-25 01:14:36 +0000  54)     EPOLLHUP = 0x010,
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  55) #define EPOLLHUP EPOLLHUP
94833f11 (Ulrich Drepper 2007-10-28 01:34:10 +0000  56)     EPOLLRDHUP = 0x2000,
94833f11 (Ulrich Drepper 2007-10-28 01:34:10 +0000  57) #define EPOLLRDHUP EPOLLRDHUP
981569c7 (Joseph Myers   2016-03-14 19:04:53 +0000  58)     EPOLLEXCLUSIVE = 1u << 28,
981569c7 (Joseph Myers   2016-03-14 19:04:53 +0000  59) #define EPOLLEXCLUSIVE EPOLLEXCLUSIVE
f8d44fdc (Andreas Jaeger 2012-07-26 13:11:33 +0200  60)     EPOLLWAKEUP = 1u << 29,
f8d44fdc (Andreas Jaeger 2012-07-26 13:11:33 +0200  61) #define EPOLLWAKEUP EPOLLWAKEUP
4920765e (Ulrich Drepper 2011-12-21 22:14:05 -0500  62)     EPOLLONESHOT = 1u << 30,
e11676dd (Ulrich Drepper 2004-01-21 06:23:26 +0000  63) #define EPOLLONESHOT EPOLLONESHOT
4920765e (Ulrich Drepper 2011-12-21 22:14:05 -0500  64)     EPOLLET = 1u << 31
5e826ab5 (Ulrich Drepper 2003-03-25 01:14:36 +0000  65) #define EPOLLET EPOLLET
ad3bf20c (Ulrich Drepper 2002-12-16 23:38:42 +0000  66)   };

From here, you can see that most of these events were created back in 2002 but a number of others were added later. So these macros allow you to check if a particular flag is available as follows:

#ifdef EPOLLEXCLUSIVE 
/* code that can handle EPOLLEXCLUSIVE */
#else
/* code that uses an alternate event */
#endif

This way the code can run on newer Linux versions that have the newer events available or on older versions that don't.