Xcode incremental build reproducibility with build location and optimization flags

Repeatable development environments for Xcode projects require that identical source inputs produce comparable outputs across machines. The incremental compiler is designed to reuse previous outputs when source files are unchanged, but generated binaries may embed build metadata that varies between environments.

Build location path prefixes can be embedded in artifacts, and compiler optimization levels alter instruction scheduling, which can affect source-level reproducibility even with identical input. The interaction between incremental compilation, build metadata, and optimization settings creates uncertainty about deterministic outputs.

What documented Xcode build settings control embedding of build location paths in binaries? Under which conditions does incremental compilation preserve bit-for-bit reproducibility across different macOS developer machines? How do optimization levels interact with incremental compilation for reproducible builds?